THE NEW DEAL-- THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT OF 1935 gggff

We are reproducing here the full text of the classic 1937 work Social Security in America.

LIST OF TABLES  Table No. Table Title   Pages  PART I. UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION  1. Countries in which compulsory unemployment insurance or compensation laws have been enacted and number of workers covered in each,1935  6  2. Countries in which laws have been enacted subsidizing voluntary insurance systems and the number of workers covered in each, 1935  7  3. Maximum weekly incomes below which a state of need exists, Belgium  41  4. Unemployment in manufacturing, transportation, building trades, and mining, 1897-1926, as estimated by Paul H. Douglas  56  5. Estimates of average nonagricultural employment and unemployment, by States,1930-33 facing page 58 6. States arrayed by average percentage of unemployment within the compensable labor force, April 1930; 1933 average; and 1930-33 average 60 7. Estimated numbers of employees attached to the various industries, 1920-27 62 8. Average annual indexes of employment in selected manufacturing industries, 1923-28 63 9. Estimated numbers of employees attached to transportation and communication industries, 1920-27 64 10. Proportion of full time worked by all employed workers in 29 industries, United States, 1922-33 65 11. Employment status of gainful workers enumerated in four areas 67  12. Employment status of employed workers in three areas 68   13. Indexes of seasonal variations in factory pay rolls in the United States,1923-31 70  14. Estimated compensable labor force in the United States, April 1930 78  15. Estimated compensable labor force, United States, 1922-33 79  16. State cumulated contributions available for benefits at 3-, 4-, and 5 percent contribution rates, United States, 1922-33 81  17. Estimates of the compensable wage loss of the covered unemployed in the United States,1923-33 82  18. Percentage and cumulative percentage distribution of the unemployed able and willing to work, by duration of unemployment at date of census or survey, according to various magnitudes of unemployment 84  19. Cumulative distribution of the total compensable wage loss, 1923-33 86  20. Adjusted cumulative distribution of the total compensable wage loss 1923-33 87  21. Adjusted cumulative distribution of the total compensable wage loss, 1923-30 88 22. State grants for unemployment compensation administration and conditions for credit allowance against tax on employers of eight or more  facing page 96  23. Estimated coverage of assumed unemployment compensation system, by States, average for 1930  108  24. Estimated number of employed workers covered, by States, 1933  109  25. Estimated wages and salaries of compensable labor force and income from a 3-percent contribution, by States, 1933  117  PART II. OLD-AGE SECURITY  26. Actual and estimated number of persons aged 65 and over compared to total population, 1860-2000 141  27. Rate of increase of population by age groups for the United Staten, 1870-1930  141 28.  Age distribution of the total, urban, and rural population of the United States, 1920 and 1930 142 29. Percentage of persona 45 years of age and over among gainfully occupied, by sex, for the United States, 1890-1930 143 30. Percentage of unemployment (14 weeks and over) among males and females in each age group for the United States, 1930 146  31. Persons with previous work experience at non-relief employment seeking work, classified by length of time since last nonrelief employment of 4 weeks or more and by age 148  32. Percentage of persons 65 and over having property less than $5,000 and income less than $300 annually 151  33. Old-age dependency in the State of New York, July 1, 1929 152  34. Economic status of aged studied in the District of Columbia, 1934  152  35. Years of residence in State of persons 65 and over on relief  157   36. Principal features of the old-age assistance laws of the United States (as of Jan. 1, 1935)  facing page 160  37. Operation of State old-age assistance acts during 1934  164  38. Provisions of the old-age assistance laws in the United States (as of Oct. 15, 1935) 168  39. Old-age assistance. and insurance legislation in foreign countries through 1933 182 40. Principal provisions of foreign noncontributory old-age assistance laws through 1933 facing page 184 41. Weekly contributory old-age pensions for various countries in relation to weekly wages in those countries 186 42. Number of recipients of old-age assistance (noncontributory) and contributory pensions in foreign countries and number of people of eligible age 186 43. Foreign noncontributory old-age assistance systems (changes in proportion of recipients to population of eligible age since effective date of law) 187 44. Estimates of the number of old-age assistance recipients and the amount of Federal subsidy to State old-age assistance programs 194 45. Progress of tax and benefit payments under proposed old-age annuity plan 212 46. Summary of provisions for Federal grants to States for old-age assist- 219 47. Summary of principal provisions of the Federal Social Security Act relating to Federal old-age benefits 223 48. Monthly benefits payable for specified total wages as defined for the purposes of title I I of the Social Security Act 224 PART III. SECURITY FOR CHILDREN 49. Conditions under which aid to dependent children may be granted and limitations on amount of aid (1934) 235 50. Extent to which aid to dependent children is provided: Annual per capita expenditure and percentage of counties granting aid, 1934 237 51. Estimated number of families and children receiving aid to dependent children (based on figures available Nov. 15, 1934) 238 52. Marital status of families with female heads and number of children under 21 years and under 10 years: United States population census, 1930 (unpublished figures) 240 53. Distribution of widowed and separated or divorced women heads of relief families in urban areas with children under the age of 16 years, based on 5-percent sample study of occupational characteristics of relief families in 79 cities, May 1934 243 54. Characteristics of households with widowed and separated or divorced women heads of relief families in urban areas with children under the age of 16 years, based on 5-percent sample study of occupational characteristics of relief families in 79 cities, May 1934 244 55. Estimated annual expenditures for aid to dependent children (based on figures available Nov. 15, 1934) 245 56. Average monthly grant per family for aid to dependent children 247 57. Funds for State maternal and child-health work, 1928 and 1934 272 58. State funds for maternal and child-health work, 1934 273 59. Permanent public-health nursing service in the counties of 24 States, 1934 275 60. Permanent prenatal and child-health centers in the counties of 18 States, 1934 275 61. Physical defects or conditions needing attention as reported by mother to visiting nurse among 9,472 children included in 3,500 families under the care of public-health nursing agencies in 25 cities, November 1934 277 62. Adequacy of family milk supply in 3,500 families under the care of public-health nursing agencies in 25 cities, November 1934 278 63. State and county public funds for care of crippled children 285 64. Summary of provisions for Federal grants to States for aid to dependent children (mothers' aid) 293 PART IV. PROVISIONS FOR THE BLIND 65. Data on the operation of systems for aid to the blind in the United States, 1934 303 66. Principal provisions of State laws providing for allowances for the blind (as of Aug. 1, 1935) 306 67. Summary of provisions for Federal grants to States for aid to the blind 311 PART VI. THE NEED FOR FEDERAL SUPPORT OF SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS 68. Statutory placement of financial responsibility for various welfare activities in the several States, Aug. 1, 1935 349 69. Distribution of financial responsibility, August 1935 350 70. Assessed valuations and general property-tax receipts of local units of government, 1922 and 1932 353 71. Trend of population, assessed valuation, and tax levy, city of Detroit, 1915-34 353 72. Receipts by local authorities of England and Wales 357 73. Trend of net indebtedness of local units of government, 1902-32 357 74. Net bonded debt of cities of over 500,000 population (excluding self-supporting indebtedness), Jan. 1, 1929, and 1934 358 75. Revenues, expenditures, and indebtedness of cities (with 1924 population of 300,000 or more), 1924-32 359 76. Trend of relief expenditures 359 77. Trend of State government tax receipts, 48 States, 1925-32 361 78. Trend of State expenditures for government, 48 States, 1925-32 362 79. Indexes of State wealth and income 364 80. State and local tax receipts, 1932, and ratios of tax receipts to indexes of State wealth and income 367 81. Ratio of State and local tax receipts, 1932, (a) to income, 1929; (b) to retail sales, 1933; and (c) to taxable wealth, 1931 368 82. State and local net indebtedness,1912-32 368 83. Per-capita State and local net debt, 1922 and 1932, and ratio of 1932 net debt to income and wealth 370 84. Grants to States for social security 372 85. The coat of a 1-, 3-, and 6-percent tax on pay rolls of wage earners and salaried workers for selected industries in terms of value added by manufacture and total value of products 376 APPENDIXES I-1. Occupations excluded from the unemployment compensation plan, United States, April 1930 386 I-2. Occupational exclusions of gainful workers from the unemployment compensation plan by industries, United States, April 1930 387 I-3. Number and percent of coal-mining establishments and wage earners, by number of wage earners per establishment, United Staten,1929 388 I-4. Number and percent of mining and quarrying establishments and wage earners, by number of wage earners per establishment, United States, 1929 388 I-5. Number and percent of manufacturing establishments and wage earners, by number of wage earners per establishment, United States,1929 389 I-6. Estimated distribution of "wholesalers only" establishments and employees, by average number of employees per establishment, United States, 1929 390 I-7. Estimated distribution of establishments and employees in wholesale trade, by average number of employees per establishment, United Staten, 1929 390 I-8. Estimated distribution of retail stores, employees, and average number of employees per store, by volume of sales per store, United States, 1929 391 I-9. Estimated distribution of establishments and employees in retail trade, by number of employees per average establishment, United States,1929 391 I-10. "Size-of-firm" exclusion of gainful workers by industries, United States, April 1930 393 I-11. Distribution of total gainful workers and unemployed workers by socio-economic groups in the United States, April 1930 394 I-12. Employed compensable labor force by industry and by type of exclusion, United States, April 1930 395 I-13. Employed compensable labor force by industries, United States, April 1930 396 I-14. Unemployed compensable labor force, United States, April 1930 396 I-15. Estimated compensable labor force in the United States, April 1930 397 I-16. Estimated compensable labor force, United States, 1922-33 398 I-17. Estimates of the compensable labor force, 1930-33, by States 400 II-1. Distribution of the unemployed by duration of unemployment, Los Angeles, California, April 1930 and January 1931 405 II-2. Duration of unemployment by weeks, Los Angeles, California, April 1930 and January 1931 407 II-3. Average unemployment rate in compensable labor force, for years represented by each composite curve, and in cities in corresponding years 412 III-1. Assessable wages and salaries of employed compensable labor force, United States,1922-33 416 IV-1. Personnel of public employment offices by States, 1935, compared with estimated number needed for unemployment compensation activities 438 VIII-1. Noncontributory old-age pensions in Canada 454 VIII-2. Distribution of noncontributory old-age pensioners by Provinces in Canada 454 VIII-3. Distribution of Canadian Government annuity contracts written in 1930 455 IX-1. The insured population and beneficiaries of foreign survivors' insurance laws 462 IX-2. Comparison of average survivors' pensions with weekly wages for unskilled labor in engineering trades 466 X-1. Legal provisions for computing invalidity, old-age, and survivors' pensions 472 X-2. Total benefit payments and distribution of cost 474 X-3. Percentage distribution of cost of pensions between the individual funds, the common fund, and the Federal Government 476 X-4. Investment of reserve, 1891-1933 478 X-5. Investment of reserve by type of investment 480 X-6. Investments promoting the general welfare 481 X-7. Receipts and expenditures,1891-1934 483 X-8. Proportion of cost of administration to total expenditures and total receipts 485 X-9. Wage classes and contribution rates, 1891-1934 486 X-10. Rate of contribution as percent of lower and upper limit of each wage class 486 X-11. Yearly amount of old-age pension 488 X-12. Average yearly amount of old-age pension grants 489 X-13. Yearly amount of invalidity pension 491 X-14. Average yearly amount of the invalidity pension grants 492 X-15. Average yearly amount of widows' pension grants 493 X-16. Average yearly amount of orphans' pension grants 494 X-17. Number of persons in receipt of pensions, 1891-1934 494 X-18. Number of pensioners 65 years of age or over 495 XI-1. Trend of birth rates in the United States expanding birth registration area by States, 1915-34 499 XI-2. Trend of maternal mortality in the United States birth-registration area by States, 1915-34 500 XI-3. Trend of maternal mortality by color in the United States birth registration area and in States having 1,500 or more Negro births in 1934; 1915-34 502 XI-4. Trend of maternal mortality in the United States and certain foreign countries,1915-34 504 XI-5. Trend of infant mortality in the United States birth-registration area by States,1915-34 505 XI-6. Trend of infant mortality by color in the United States birth registration area and in States having 1,500 or more Negro births in 1934;1915-34 506 XI-7. Trend of infant mortality in urban and rural districts of the United States birth-registration area by States, 1915-34 509 XI-8. Infant mortality rates (deaths under 1 year per 1,000 live births), by specified groups of causes, in the United States birth registration area of 1921, exclusive of South Carolina, 1921-34 513   LIST OF FIGURES  Table No. Table Title   Pages 1. Actual and estimated number of persons aged 65 and over compared to total population, 1860-2000 140 2. Employed male population 40 years and over compared to total male population 40 years and over 147 3. Maternal mortality in the United States, 1933 262 4. Infant mortality in the United States, 1933 264 5. Mortality in the first month and the first year of life, United States, 1934, from specified groups of causes 266 6. Trend of infant mortality in urban and rural districts of the United States 268 II-1. Curves showing cumulative distribution of the unemployed by duration of unemployment, Los Angeles, Calif 406 II-2. Typical curves showing hypothetical distributions of the unemployed by duration of unemployment 409 II-3. Curves showing composite cumulative duration distributions of the unemployed 411